1. Who initiated the concept of nationalism in Europe?
Answer: France
Explanation: The French Revolution (1789) introduced ideas of nationalism by emphasizing people’s sovereignty and collective identity.
2. Who was responsible for spreading nationalism through wars?
Answer: Napoleon
Explanation: Napoleon introduced legal and administrative reforms in conquered regions, spreading nationalism but also imposing French rule.
3. Which political ideology was associated with nationalism in the early 19th century?
Answer: Liberalism
Explanation: Early nationalism was tied to liberalism, which promoted individual freedoms, constitutional rule, and economic progress.
4. Which year saw widespread nationalist revolutions across Europe?
Answer: 1848
Explanation: The 1848 Revolutions were a series of uprisings where people demanded constitutions, representative governments, and national unification.
5. Who played the leading role in German unification?
Answer: Bismarck
Explanation: Otto von Bismarck, the Prime Minister of Prussia, used war and diplomacy (“Blood and Iron”) to unite Germany between 1866-1871.
6. What was the term used for the economic unification of German states?
Answer: Zollverein
Explanation: The Zollverein (1834) was a customs union that removed trade barriers and helped in economic unification, strengthening nationalism.
7. Which empire ruled over diverse ethnic groups, making unification difficult?
Answer: Habsburg
Explanation: The Habsburg Empire controlled Austria-Hungary, which included Germans, Magyars, Slavs, and Italians, creating tensions.
8. Which treaty aimed to suppress nationalism in Europe after Napoleon’s defeat?
Answer: Vienna
Explanation: The Treaty of Vienna (1815), led by Metternich, restored monarchies and aimed to suppress revolutionary ideas.
9. What was the term used for the idea that each nation has a distinct cultural identity?
Answer: Volksgeist
Explanation: Volksgeist, meaning “spirit of the people,” was a concept by German philosopher Herder promoting cultural nationalism.
10. Which region in Europe saw intense nationalist struggles due to ethnic diversity?
Answer: Balkans
Explanation: The Balkans, under Ottoman rule, became a center of nationalist conflicts among Slavs, Greeks, and other groups.
